File Sharing and Online Piracy How Does it Effect...

As you upload the most recent (and most spectacular) new Lady Gaga album Art Pop into your ITunes Library, you scale back and take a long look at your devoted collection. You’ve collected nearly 2000 songs, 150 movies, and 200 books. From the Beatles to Deadmau3, Miley Cyrus to Nirvana, you have every type of music you could possibly imagine. Worst of all, you don’t even listen to a tenth of it! You’ve collected all this media for an outrageous price too: Absolutely Nothing. After 2 and half years of constant file sharing through Limewire, Frostwire, and Vuze, You’ve easily transcended beyond a four or five thousand dollar threshold of Pirated Media. In the end though, your actions do come with a cost. When the federal government discovers†¦show more content†¦It can be argued that the music industry has expanded into countless genres, artists and record labels over the years since 2000 to become bigger than it has ever been. So where have all the sales gone? It’s more than evident that file sharing has become much more attractive to music fans than it once was. People haven’t lost their interest in music, but have instead found new ways of obtaining it. These File sharing software such as Azuerus give the everyday computer the ability to obtain any files it’s user would like with a good internet connection and a couple clicks of a mouse. In short, people no longer need to pay for any music that they would like to own. Rojas, Fabio. The history of recording industry sales, 1973-2010. 2011. The History of Recording Industry Sales, 1973-2010, United States of America. http://orgtheory.wordpress.com/2011/07/13/the-history-of-recording-industry-sales-1973-2010/. Web. 3 Apr. 2014. Peer-to-Peer file sharing is a more unorthodox way of obtaining files because instead of going through a web browser to get files, computer users use software such as Limewire and Vuze to access the files on other user’s comp uters. These file sharing software find as many computers as they can with the files that they are looking for, divide up the information necessary among the computers, and download a fraction of information from each computer. Each computer is given the title â€Å"peer† if it is utilized in theShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Cloud Based Music Streaming On Piracy And Music Consumption1485 Words   |  6 PagesThe effects of cloud based music streaming on piracy and music consumption. Jonathan Stratton English 123 B 12/7/2015 California Baptist University Abstract: With the advent of modern technology, the way our culture consumes music has changes dramatically in the last ten years. With technology developing as rapidly as it is; music piracy has been prosperous while traditional music sales have declined. This essay explores how cloud based music services have affected musicRead MoreOnline Piracy: Threat to the Entertainment and Software Business1315 Words   |  6 PagesOnline piracy is being a threat to the business of the music, movie, and software industries. From Dictionary.com (n.d.), the definition of piracy is the unauthorized reproduction or use of a copyrighted book, recording, television program, patented invention, trademarked product. The focus of this paper is in the music, software, and e-book industries. Importance of Online Piracy to the Field of International Management The problem with online piracy is that companies are being affected by itRead MoreMedia Piracy1584 Words   |  7 Pages Media Piracy Vicente K. Maselli Florida International University CGS 3095 Section RVCC Summer.2017 Abstract Media piracy can sometimes be viewed as a repercussion of the digital age we live in. Although it had grown to become a common practice over the last 20 years, media piracy continues to be an illegal activity monitored by the Federal Bureau for Intelligence (FBI). Its effects range over a variety of industries, including software, music, TV and movieRead MoreEssay on Electronic File Sharing2697 Words   |  11 PagesElectronic File Sharing Often times new technology enables completely new activities, discoveries, and ways of living, once not possible without that particular technology. An example of this would be the microscope and telescope, which now allow us to see things not possible before. Other times, new technology allows us to do things which we did before, but in a different way.1 A good example of this is electronic file sharing over the Internet. Unauthorized file sharing was possibleRead MoreEssay on The Global Ethical Perspective of Peer-to-peer File-sharing4081 Words   |  17 PagesThe Global Ethical Perspective of Peer-to-peer File-sharing Introduction This paper is an analytical essay on global ethical issues on peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing. A history and background of peer-to-peer file-sharing will be given, as well as how it became an issue. This paper will explore what aspects of file-sharing are ethical and at what point it becomes unethical. An explanation of the laws will be described and whether the laws different from region-to-region around the worldRead MoreIfsm 304 A11344 Words   |  6 PagesSOFTWARE PIRACY IFSM 304 Abstract In the various media industries there are extreme worries concerning unauthorized downloading and copying of their products known as piracy. Piracy of items has been part of commerce for centuries; counterfeiting of currency for example. With the information age the ease at which media can be pirated has caused an explosion of this phenomenon. This practice is an illegal act that is done by individuals for personal use and also for profit. The first doRead MoreThe Copyright Law Of Canada Connected With An Ethical Line Within Music Sharing1672 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper discusses the copyright law in Canada connected with an ethical line in music sharing. Before embarking on the discussion, it is imperative to understand what copyright entails under the umbrella of intellectual property; the latter refers to intangible property, which is entirely a creation of the mind (Alexander Penalver, 2012, p. 188). Copyright is the exclusive right granted to the original author of li terary work. In this effect, it prevents other people from using an authorshipRead MoreEthical Aspects of Torrents3523 Words   |  14 PagesThe ethical issues surrounding free video games are the same, with game developers and publishers claiming that game torrents are taking money out of their hands and the hands of their staff. Games are widely available for purchase and once purchased become property of the gamer. A game can range in price from a few dollars to around 60 dollars for AAA games (Games created by large companies on massive budgets). Video games are also almost exclusively downloaded through torrents as game files areRead MoreThe Film Piracy Problem 5892 Words   |  24 PagesThe Film Piracy Problem The Film Piracy Problem Teacher Overview Film piracy is the illegal copying and distribution of movies in print, videos, DVDs or electronic files. New developments in digital technology make server-based or peer-to-peer (P2P) file sharing on the Internet convenient and relatively fast. A negative consequence of this new technology, however, is online theft of copyrighted material. This lesson introduces students to the problem of film piracy, focusing specifically on InternetRead MoreDigital Piracy And Its Impact On Society Essay2403 Words   |  10 Pagesperception and comprehension of modern digital piracy. Examining the culture of piracy, how and why people pirate content, as well as the legal and industrial components of piracy can provide a contextualized understanding of piracy in the digital age, and the future of piracy. Understanding technological and ethical factors that lead to piracy, and legal and industrial repercussions to digital piracy are essential to navigating a discussion about whether or not piracy ha s a great impact on industry or society

Character Analysis Of Beowulf - 1990 Words

Over the course of a lifetime, time’s greatest power lies within its ability to evolve different aspects of our lives. In Beowulf, our epic hero, Beowulf, experiences a significant change of character; he begins as a humble warrior, and develops into a well-respected and powerful king. However, previous kings, such as King Hrothgar, rose to the throne due to their noble statuses in addition to the standardized succession of power in early British history. The stark contrast between these two notable kings remains that Beowulf first played the role as a valuable and principle warrior, a true epic hero, while King Hrothgar did not. Beowulf exhibited characteristics of loyalty and strength, among many others; however, were these character†¦show more content†¦With his outward expression of this select trait, the people will have a repertoire to expand their trust upon. One way for him to exercise his confidence is through his physical appearance. In the beginning of the poem, the readers are introduced to a younger warrior, named Beowulf. With his â€Å"decorated shields †¦ shirts of mail †¦ and cheek-hinged helmets and javelins† (335-336), Beowulf is vividly depicted as an experienced, vigorous warrior dedicated to protecting his king and his people. With this clear show of dedication, Beowulf is able to initially set a precedent for his people with regards to his confidence as a warrior. However, confidence must also be displayed through words and actions. Beowulf accomplishes this when he is confronted by Unferth. At first skeptical, and somewhat jealous, of Beowulf’s immediate glorification, Unferth comes forward to verbally challenge and question Beowulf’s capabilities in defeating Grendel. Beowulf remains calm in the attacks extorted, and confidently responds: â€Å"He [Grendel] knows he can trample down you Danes to his heart’s content, humiliate and murder without fear of reprisal. But he will find me different. I will show him how Geats shape to kill in the heat of battle† (599-603). His confidence in defeating a terrifying monster that had never been vanquished by theShow MoreRelatedBeowulf Character Analysis885 Words   |  4 Pagesanalyzing and reading the text in Beowulf, I realized that Beowulf himself is a leader and a hero in the text also he plays a big role as the protagonist being a hero for saving his kingdom against monsters and mortal enemies but exactly how does it make him a greater hero than the average hero? In the text Beowulf’s uncle which is Hygelac was said to be a great ruler and it is evident that this is Beowulf’s role model and hero and as the story goes on. As a character Beowulf encounters with great monstersRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beowulf900 Words   |  4 PagesThe main character in the epic poem â€Å"Beowulf† is Beowulf. An epic hero is one that has superhuman qualities and who beholds values of his society and is braver than life. â€Å"Epics are stories told on a grand scale, with armies, heroes, gods, and the brutal forces of nature depicted over long character arcs and sweeping landscapes.† (Rebecca Ray 1) Beowulf is a selfless warrior that puts the kingdom of Herot first and tries to rid evil for the people. Beowulf wanted to help his kingdom. The evilRead MoreBeowulf Character Analysis942 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Motivator (An analysis of Beowulf’s Motivations) Are everyones motivations to become a hero pure? This question can be hard to answer depending on the hero. Spidermans motivations for saving an innocent child were pure, but what about people suffering from hero syndrome? A syndrome, that has become a recent phenomenon. This syndrome makes people seek heroism or recognition by creating desperate situations that they resolve in order to become a hero. As common as this syndrome is todayRead MoreBeowulf Character Analysis999 Words   |  4 PagesMost teachers emphasize that a well-written character in a story should be deep, believable, and human, with flaws and personality. Then, say that Beowulf, a poem about a man who is as deep as a sheet of paper, is a masterpiece. While the poem Beowulf is one of the most important and influential pieces of literature in the world, Beowulf himself is a poorly written character when compared to characters of today’s standards. Beowulf is originally a Scandinavian story from a period before written recordsRead MoreBeowulf Character Analysis801 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is an ancient English poem that tells the tale of a young, brave warrior and the victories he obtains throughout his lifetime, up until his death. He is widely regarded as a hero throughout the lands and honorably puts his life on the line multiple times. Throughout the poem, Beowulf’s reasoning for being a hero changes. He begins his journey wanting to be a protector of people, a savior of humankind, but as the poem progresses, there is a distinct change in motivation for Beowulf, becomingRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beowulf1128 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"good† people. The â€Å"good† people referring to the average mix of people, the athletes, the overachievers, the mean people, the bystanders, the regular people, and the hero. In Beowulf, there’s much more backstory to Grendel and why he is portrayed as, and most possibly has become, evil. Grendel’s character is similar to the characters Jinenji, Magneto, and the Grinch, during the different stages of his life before he is slain. That is not denying that Grendel hasn’t taken advantage of his abilities forRead MoreBeowulf And Hamlet Character Analysis1224 Words   |  5 PagesWhen lining the characters Beowulf and Hamlet side by side many will not see the parallels of these characters instead, only the differences. At a first glance, we see Beowulf, the powerful warrior who died whilst defeating three gruesome monsters, then Hamlet, the problematic and fearful prince who died trying to fulfill a foolish act of hatred. Ultimately, we view them as hero Read MoreBeowulf And Hamlet Character Analysis1228 Words   |  5 PagesWhen lining the characters Beowulf and Hamlet side by side many will not see the parallels of these characters instead, only the differences. At a first glance, we see Beowulf, the strong warrior who died whilst defeating three gruesome monsters, then Hamlet, the awkward and fearful prince who died trying to fulfill a foolish act of hatred. Ultimately, we view them as hero and anti-hero. However, we must not judge each character on who they are at the surface. Instead, we must see and understandRead MoreThe Odyssey And Beowulf : Character Analysis1642 Words   |  7 Pagesway to clearly mark certain behaviors as poor social etiquette. Through the use of extreme behavior that identifies a character as immoral, other behaviors that are exhibited are reinforced as distasteful and frowned upon by the society and culture. Without explicitly stating the rules, people are shown the correct and incorrect behaviors. Within The Odyssey and Beowulf, two characters clearly violate social norms by invading spaces that no one invited them into. The suitors and Grendel both demonstrateRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Beowulf As An Epic Hero765 Words   |  4 Pagesthe central figure who has superior qualities and risks personal danger to pursue a quest. Beowulf is a great epic hero because he performs many brave deeds such as risking his life for the greater good of society, and is significant and glorified by all people. Beowulf boasts and boasts about all of his great doings, but in the end he proves to everyone that h e is as great as he claims to be. First, Beowulf shows that he will do anything for the fame, glory, and the greater good of society. He risks

Research Papers on Ready to Eat Food Free Essays

CRISES Paul Krugman, January 2010 As this is formally billed on this program as the Nobel lecture, I suppose that I’m expected to focus on the work for which I was honored with the prize. And yet †¦ proud as I am of the work I and many others did on increasing-returns trade and economic geography, given what is happening in the world – and given what I’ve largely been working on these past dozen years – that work is not uppermost in my mind. Fortunately, there’s an out. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Papers on Ready to Eat Food or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Nobel committee did cite another line of work that goes back to the first good paper I ever wrote: â€Å"A model of balance of payments crises†, published in 1979 but originally written while I was in still in grad school. When I’m in an expansive mood, I like to say that I invented currency crises – not the thing itself, which goes back to the invention of paper money, but the modern academic literature. And business has been good ever since. Now, most of what has gone wrong with the world these past two years has not taken the form of classic currency crises (though give it time – the Baltic nations, in particular, seem well positioned to follow in Argentina’s footsteps). But there are strong parallels between the kinds of crises we actually have been experiencing and what those of us in the currency crisis biz call â€Å"third-generation† crises. Both the similarities and the differences are, I think, illuminating. 1 So without further ado, let me launch into a discussion of currency crises, their relationship to financial crises in general, and what all of that tells us about current prospects. A history of violence The sudden implosion of world financial markets, trade, and industrial production in 2008 shocked many if not most economists. I think it’s fair to say, however, that international macroeconomists were less startled. That’s not to say that we predicted the crisis: speaking personally, I saw that we had a monstrous housing bubble and expected bad things as it deflated, but both the form and the scale of the collapse surprised me. What is true, however, is that international macroeconomists were aware, in a way those who focused mainly on domestic data were not, that the world economy has a history of violence. Drastic events – sudden speculative attacks that emerge out of a seemingly clear blue sky, abrupt economic implosions that slash real GDP by 5, 10, even 15 percent – are regular occurrences on the international scene. Let me illustrate the point with the figure below, which shows peak-to-trough declines in real GDP during â€Å"third generation† currency crises (a term I’ll explain in a little while). This list is close to, but not identical to, the Reinhart and Rogoff (2009) list of banking crises: as RR point out, crises often combine elements of several of their ideal types. What I’ve done in this case – in a poor man’s homage to Reinhart and Rogoff’s awesome data-collection effort – is scan the Total Economy Database for all cases of sharp GDP declines in high-and middle-income countries since 1950, then do some cursory historical research to ask whether they fit the profile of a third-generation crisis. 2 GDP declines in third-generation currency crises Mexico 1994 Korea 1997 Chile 1981 Malaysia 1997 Finland 1990 Thailand 1997 Indonesia 1997 Argentina 2002 5 10 15 20 A few observations: First of all, we’re talking huge declines here – Depression-level, in some cases. You can see why international macroeconomists were more attuned to the possibility of disaster than domestic macroeconomists: if you were looking only at US data, your idea of a really bad slump would be 1981-1982, when real GDP fell only 2. 3 percent. Second, if you know a bit about the history, you get a very strong sense of just how wrong conventional wisdom can be. Reinhart and Rogoff emphasize the â€Å"this time is different† syndrome, the way people wave off clear parallels to earlier crises. I’d go a bit further and argue that there’s a strong â€Å"pride goeth before a fall† syndrome. In many if not all of these cases, the country in question was everybody’s darling just before the disaster. Chile was a showpiece for Chicago School policies in action. I remember personally the enormous optimism about Mexico on the eve of the tequila crisis; I was very unpopular at a 1993 meeting of investors where I raised some questions about prospects. Argentina’s currency board was lionized by the Cato Institute, the Wall Street Journal editorial page, and so forth. The countries caught up in the East Asian crisis were the subject of glowing reports, including a major World Bank study. 3 After the fact, of course, everybody saw many flaws in each afflicted country’s economic model – just as everyone now sees the rottenness of the U. S. financial system, a system that was being praised just yesterday as one of the wonders of the world. Finally, note that half my examples are from the late-90s East Asian crisis. That crisis had a profound effect on some of us. Nouriel Roubini was transformed from a mild-mannered macroeconomist into Doctor Doom. I lost my faith in the healing powers of central bankers, and wrote the original edition of The Return of Depression Economics. In essence, the East Asian crisis awakened us to the fact that there were more dangers in the world economy than were dreamt of in textbook macro. But what were these dangers, anyway? Generat(ion)ing crisis All crises are divided into three parts. OK, maybe not. But the currency risis literature has evolved in three â€Å"generations†, successive accounts of what can cause sudden speculative attacks on currencies. First-generation models began, at least in my mind, with wise words from the governor of the Bank of Portugal. Back in 1976, a group of MIT graduate students was working at the Bank, thanks to a personal connection between the governor and Dick Eckaus. Portugal at the time was 4 a bit of a crazy place, still suffering from the mild chaos that followed the overthrow of the dictatorship the year before. The economy had stabilized after an initial slump, but the currency was under pressure, with reserves rapidly dwindling. It turned out later that most of the reserve loss was due to foreign exchange hoarding by commercial banks – which was kind of funny, since at the time those banks were state –owned. But in any case, the governor made a remark that intrigued me: â€Å"When I have six months of reserves,† he said, â€Å"I will have no reserves. † What he meant was that once reserves dropped below some critical level, there would be a run on the currency that would quickly exhaust whatever was left. There were already economic models like this, albeit of very recent vintage – and not exactly about foreign exchange. Notably, Salant and Henderson (1978, but circulated as a working paper in 1976), in an analysis of gold prices, devoted part of their paper to attempts to stabilize gold prices with stockpiles. They showed that an unsustainable stabilization scheme would eventually collapse in a speculative run that quickly exhausted the remaining stock, which is more or less what happened in March 1968. I realized that this was in effect what Silva Lopes had been saying about the escudo. Translating that insight into a fully-specified model was a bit tricky. Krugman (1979) was more complicated than it should have been; it took the work of Flood and Garber (1984) to get it in comprehensible form. But the result was a highly suggestive analysis of speculative attacks on fixed exchange rates. 5 But there were problems with that analysis. Some complained about the asymmetry between super smart speculators and super stupid governments. More compelling, in my view, was the fact that the story didn’t seem to fit very well with what actually happened in many currency crises, especially in advanced countries. For example, neither the sterling crisis of 1931 nor that of 1992 seemed to be mainly about dwindling foreign exchange reserves. Instead, both seemed to be about governments who found that their commitment to a fixed exchange rate was interfering with attempts to achieve domestic objectives, especially full employment. When speculators began to bet on an abandonment of the currency peg to deal with pressing domestic concerns, spiking interest rates sharply increased the cost of defending that peg – hence, a crisis, with speculators in effect forcing the government’s hand. In an influential survey of evidence from the 1992-1993 European crisis, of which the fall of sterling was one component, Eichengreen, Rose, and Wyplosz (1995) coined the term â€Å"secondgeneration models† to describe models that tried to capture this quite different kind of crisis dynamics. The most influential modeling came from Obstfeld (1994), who showed that this kind of analysis strongly suggested the possibility of multiple equilibria: countries in a vulnerable state could experience a currency crisis whenever investors believed that such a crisis was imminent, or for that matter believed that other investors believed in a crisis. But two generations of crisis theory, it turned out, were not enough. Second-generation crisis models suggested that succumbing to a speculative attack should be good for employment and GDP: no longer constrained by the exchange rate commitment, a government would be free to 6 expand demand. That is, in fact, what happened in the aftermath of the two sterling crises, 60 years apart: I used to joke that Britain should erect a statue of George Soros in Trafalgar Square, to thank him for getting the UK out of the ERM. But it’s not what happened to Mexico after the tequila crisis, or the East Asian economies after the crises of 1997, or Argentina after the collapse of convertibility in 2002. In all these cases the collapse of a fixed rate under speculative attack was followed by a severe contraction in the real economy. Hence the development of third-generation models. These models – e. g. Krugman (1999), Aghion et al (2001), Chang and Velasco (1999) – emphasized private-sector balance sheets, especially firms or banks with foreign-currency debt. The key argument was that a currency depreciation set off by speculative attack would sharply worsen balance sheets, as the domesticcurrency value of foreign-currency debt rose. This in turn would damage the economy, e. g. by depressing investment, which would feed back into further currency depreciation, and so on. Some models stressed the possibility of multiple equilibria, but even without such multiplicity there was the clear possibility of disproportionate depreciation and output decline from an adverse shock, including the end of a bubble financed by foreign capital. Or to put it a different way, what happens in a third-generation currency crisis is a vicious circle of deleveraging. Hence the severe cost to the real economy. One question you might ask is whether this diagnosis is all ex-post rationalization. Did the theory of third-generation currency crises actually succeed in predicting any crises? The answer is yes: Argentina, which, alas, played out exactly as expected. 7 Before I proceed to the relationship between currency crises and the financial crises that have afflicted all of us recently, let me briefly ighlight two policy issues that arise in the context of third-generation crises. First, does this analysis argue that troubled economies with large foreign-currency debt should avoid currency depreciation? This is a highly relevant question right now for the Baltics, which, as I’ve already mentioned, are currently in a situation highly reminiscent of Argentina’s position just before the collapse. It might seem, given the a ccount I’ve just provided, that Latvia or Estonia should do anything possible to avoid devaluation. But that’s not right. Suppose that the underlying problem is a level of prices and wages that makes your production uncompetitive – typically the consequence of an earlier period of excessive capital inflows. Then what must happen, sooner or later, is a decline in prices and wages relative to those in your trading partners – a real depreciation. This can happen through nominal currency depreciation – but this has the unpleasant consequence that the real value of foreign currency debt will rise, creating a deleveraging crisis. Unfortunately, the alternative is worse. Real depreciation without nominal depreciation must take place through deflation. And this means that the real value of all debt, not just foreigncurrency debt, rises. So the deleveraging crisis will be even worse if you don’t depreciate. 8 A second issue concerns the role of capital mobility. Clearly, substantial capital mobility is a prerequisite for third-generation crises, which can’t happen unless you’ve already run up a large foreign-currency debt. And in the crisis, it’s capital flight that leads to the large depreciation that in turn worsens balance sheets. So there is a clear case for temporary capital controls – a sort of curfew on capital flight – in the heat of a third-generation currency crisis. But what does all this have to do with the current problems of the United States and other advanced countries? Deleveraging crises: similarities and differences In the movie The Longest Day there’s a scene involving a German general who is first shown preparing for a war game in which he will play the American commander. He tells his aide that he plans to surprise everyone by landing, not at Calais, but in Normandy – but not to worry, the Americans would never do that. Then, when the invasion begins, he mutters, â€Å"Normandy! How stupid of me! † Now you know how some of us felt as the current crisis unfolded. By 2006, huge U. S. urrent account deficits suggested that the dollar would have to fall eventually, and the fact that U. S. real interest rates weren’t significantly higher than rates in other major economies suggested that markets weren’t taking that fact into account. So there was reason to expect a Wile E. Coyote moment – a moment of sudden realization – leading to a 9 sudden dollar fall. But U. S. external debt, although large, is overwhelmingly dollar-denominated. So America didn’t seem vulnerable to a third-generation currency crisis. No worries, then, right? Yet the logic of the models should have suggested that there were, in fact, reasons to worry. After all, a vicious circle of deleveraging could arise as easily on the asset side as on the liability side, as noted in Krugman (2002). It should have been easy to put the evidence of a mammoth housing bubble together with the concepts of third-generation crisis theory to see how a nasty deleveraging cycle could occur without the â€Å"original sin† of dependence on foreign-currency debt. Sadly, almost nobody – certainly not yours truly – put the pieces together. Even those of us who diagnosed that housing bubble correctly failed to foresee the financial implosion that would follow. Normandy! How stupid of me! But now it has happened. How does the crisis we have actually stumbled into compare with a currency crisis, both in terms of outlook and in terms of the policy response? One difference one might have expected to be important is the role of monetary policy. The normal front line of defense against recession involves cutting interest rates. For a country facing a currency crisis, however, that defense is of ambiguous value: cutting rates may help domestic demand, but it may also weaken the currency, intensifying the vicious circle. For a country facing an asset-side deleveraging spiral, however, interest rate reductions are all good: in 10 addition to their usual effects, they support asset prices and help balance sheets. So you might have expected central banks to be very effective in fighting asset-price-driven deleveraging. In reality, however, the monetary line of defense was quickly overrun: reductions in policy rates quickly ran up against the zero lower bound, and that was that, at least as far as conventional monetary policy was concerned. We should have seen this coming: Krugman (2002) laid it all out, but nobody – the author included – took the message to heart. Meanwhile, there’s another difference between currency crises and asset-side crises that makes the latter look worse: namely, the fact that asset-price deflation, unlike currency depreciation, has no indirect stimulative effect on the economy. As Calvo et al (2006) have stressed, financial crises in emerging markets are often followed by â€Å"phoenix-like† recoveries, with the downturn giving way to very rapid growth. Key to these recoveries is the fact that a severely depreciated currency makes exports extremely competitive, leading to a large positive swing in the trade balance. As with the output declines associated with third-generation crises, the violence of these turnarounds is startling to economists accustomed to the tameness of U. S. data. The figure below shows the â€Å"current account reversal† for each of the cases shown at the beginning of this paper – that is, the extent of the swing from current account deficit on the eve of the crisis to the maximum current account surplus following the crisis. 1 Current account reversal as % of GDP 0 Mexico 1994 Korea 1997 Chile 1981 Malaysia 1997 Finland 1990 Thailand 1997 Indonesia 1997 Argentina 2002 5 10 15 20 25 These are awesomely large swings. In part, no doubt, they were due to the import-compressing effect of recession. But mostly they represent a gain in competitiveness due to plunging currencies. Plunging prices of house s and CDOs, unfortunately, don’t produce any corresponding macroeconomic silver lining. This suggests that we’re unlikely to see a phoenix-like recovery from the current slump. How long should recovery be expected to take? Well, there aren’t many useful historical models. But the example that comes closest to the situation facing the United States today is that of Japan after its late-80s bubble burst, leaving serious debt problems behind. And a maximum-likelihood estimate of how long it will take to recover, based on the Japanese example, is †¦ forever. OK, strictly speaking it’s 18 years, since that’s how long it has been since the Japanese bubble burst, and Japan has never really escaped from its deflationary trap. 2 This line of thought explains why I’m skeptical about the optimism that’s widespread right now about recovery prospects. The main argument behind this optimism seems to be that in the past, big downturns in the world’s major economies have been followed by fast recoveries. But past downturns had very different causes, and there’s no good reason to regard them as good precedents. Living in a crisis-ridden world Looking back at U. S. commentary on past currency crises, what’s striking is the combination of moralizing and complacency. Other countries had crises because they did it wrong; we weren’t going to have one because we do it right. As I’ve stressed, however, crises often – perhaps usually – happen to countries with great press. They’re only reclassified as sinners and deadbeats after things go wrong. And so it has proved for us, too. And despite the praise being handed out to those who helped us avoid the worst, we are not handling the crisis well: fiscal stimulus has been inadequate, financial support has contained the damage but not restored a healthy banking system. All indications are that we’re going to have seriously depressed output for years to come. It’s what I feared/predicted in that 2001 paper: â€Å"[I]ntellectually consistent solutions to a domestic financial crisis of this type, like solutions to a third-generation currency crisis, are likely to seem too radical to be implemented in practice. And partial measures are likely to fail. † 13 Maybe policymakers will become wiser in the future. Maybe financial reform will reduce the occurrence of crises: major financial crises were much rarer between the end of World War II and the rise of financial deregulation after 1980 than they were before or since. Meanwhile, however, the fact is that the economic world is a surprisingly dangerous place. REFERENCES Aghion, Philippe, Philippe Bacchetta, and Abhijit Banerjee, 2000, â€Å"Currency Crises and Monetary Policy with Credit Constraints† (unpublished; Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University). Chang, Roberto and Andres Velasco 1999, â€Å"Liquidity Crises in Emerging Markets: Theory and Policy,† NBER Working Paper No. 7272. Eichengreen, Barry, Rose, Andrew, Wyplosz, Charles and Dumas, Bernard, â€Å"Exchange Market Mayhem: The Antecedents and Aftermath of Speculative Attacks†, Economic Policy, October. Flood, Robert, and Peter Garber 1984, â€Å"Collapsing Exchange Rate Regimes: Some Linear Examples,† Journal of International Economics, Vol. 17, pp. 1–13. Krugman, Paul, 1979, â€Å"A Model of Balance of Payments Crises,† Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Vol. 11, pp. 311-325. Krugman, Paul, 1999, â€Å"Balance Sheets, The Transfer Problem, and Financial Crises,† in Flood, Robert, Isard, Peter, Razin, Assaf, and Rose, Andrew, eds. , International finance and financial crises: essays in honor of Robert P . Flood, Jr. , Kluwer. Krugman, Paul 2002, â€Å"Crises: the next generation† in Assaf Razin, Elhanan Helpman, and Efraim Sadka, eds. , Economic policy in the international economy: essays in honor of Assaf Razin, Cambridge. Obstfeld, Maurice; 1994, â€Å"The Logic of Currency Crises,† Cahiers Economiques et Monetaires, Bank of France, Vol. 43, pp. 189-213. Reinhart, Carmen and Rogoff, Kenneth 2009, This Time is Different: Eight Centuries of Financial Folly, Princeton. Salant, Stephen and Henderson, Dale 1978, â€Å"Market Anticipations of Government Policies and the Price of Gold†, Journal of Political Economy 14 How to cite Research Papers on Ready to Eat Food, Essays

Formal Speech Analysis free essay sample

Formal Speech Analysis In the past, I have participated In a lot of classes and training dealing with many different topics, but unfortunately, public speaking and/or communications was not one of them. In fact, the last class that I took even relatively close to this one was while I was in the military. In some sense, I guess that this class could be thought of as a good experience, because now I can learn at a college level and be more at ease with getting up in front of a group of people and giving a presentation.My goals or this class are fairly numerous, but all are based on all around knowledge and Improvement of public speaking In a general sense. I want to be able to get up In front of a group of people and deliver a message in a way that makes people want to listen. We will write a custom essay sample on Formal Speech Analysis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I am planning a career in the field of psychology, and as much as I may not like it, I think public speaking will definitely show its face many times. My specific goals for the course include improving on my stance, speaking more clearly, and improving on my fear of speaking in front of a large group.After reviewing my videotaped beech and also in previous presentations, I have noticed that, among other things, I am constantly fidgeting and doing something with my hands Like playing with my note cards or something. Also, I am clearly not comfortable with standing up there. Although it is not overly visible on the tape, I can tell that I look very nervous, and I tend to stutter a little and lose my place and focus in the middle of the speeches frequently. I really do not understand why speaking in front of the class bothers me so much. If I were to give the speech from my desk. En though everyone would still be looking at me, I think that I could do a much better Job and would be more relaxed as well. I think that Improving on these previous aspects will give me enough experience and confidence to at least have a working knowledge and ability to successfully speak publicly such as feeling more comfort and familiar with the subject matter. Although my career will probably not involve a vast amount of public speaking, it will require some, and this course will surely provide valuable practice for what Is to come in my career.

To Kill a Mockingbird The Influences Parents have Essay Example For Students

To Kill a Mockingbird: The Influences Parents have Essay on thier ChildrenThroughout our lives were influenced by many. It can have an effect on the way we view issues within societal boundaries. One of the major influences children have in their lives comes from their parents. The parents of a child can have both a positive and a negative influence on their lives. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird, there are two excellent examples of how parents can be a major influence on their children. Atticus Finch, father of Jem and Scout Finch, plays the loving, kind and knowledgeable father. He is an example of how parents can have a positive influence on their children. Bob Ewell, father of Mayella Ewell, plays the drunken, abusive, and neglectful father. He is an example of how a parent can be a negative influence on their childrens lives. Both fathers are very influential on the psychological development of their children. We will write a custom essay on To Kill a Mockingbird: The Influences Parents have specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Parents can influence how their children behave, feel, and act towards the outside world. If a child is brought up with hatred and anger, they can learn to view the world in a very negative way, by being critical and prejudice towards other people. However if a child is brought up with caring and nourishment, they can learn to see the world from all different angles. Atticus Finch raises his children with love and care, and teaches them to consider all angles of a situation before you judge someone; You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view Until you climb into his skin and walk around in it (Lee, pg. 34). Using this belief Atticus is trying to educate Jem and Scout on principles of moral judgment. Bob Ewell however, neglects his children and fails to provide his children with much needed love and care. He indirectly teaches his children to hate and be critical towards people of colour. In chapter 17, Bob Ewell is cross-examined in the cour troom, and is asked several questions. When he is asked if he is the father of Mayella Ewell, he replies, Well, if I aint I cant do nothing about it now, her mas dead (Lee, pg.174). This is one example of how Bob Ewell does not display emotion towards his children and their well-being. Many important characteristics of ones personality can be passed down to their children. A child can learn to be courageous from examples that are set by the people that surround them. True courage is taught to Jem after Mrs. Dubose dies. Atticus reveals to Jem that he was using her as an example to teach him about true courage; Mrs. Dubose won, all ninty five pounds of her. According to her views, she died beholden to nothing and nobody I wanted you to see what real courage is, instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. Its when you know that youre licked before you begin, and you begin anyway (Lee, pg.116). In saying this, Atticus teaches Jem that true courage is when you know that your chances of accomplishing somthing are very slim, but you try anyway. Atticus sets examples himself when he defends Tom Robinson even though he knows that he will not win. The children of Bob Ewell however are scared of him, and have no sense of what true courage is. In chapter 18 Mayella is called to the stand to testify. She is asked a series of questions, but fails to be courageous enough to tell the truth and stand up to her controlling father; My paws never touched a hair o my head in my life He never touched me (Lee, pg. 186). This statement is clearly not true, but she feels somewhat forced to lie because she is intimidated by her father. Since Bob Ewell abuses his children and possbly molests them, he has a hold on them and is able to controll their minds. .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 , .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 .postImageUrl , .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 , .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5:hover , .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5:visited , .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5:active { border:0!important; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5:active , .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5 .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47b526c723976f821259aef2a85703b5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Franz Boas On Fashion Deviation EssayParents should provide for their children by giving them a sense of stability. Not only should they provide them with love, and care, but they should also provide them with the bare essencials in life. Atticus succeds in doing this by providing his family with food, clothing, and shelter. Their household is an example of the the security children need in thier up-bringing. Bob Ewell however does not provide his children with any kind of stability, but rather provides only for himself and his drinking habits. Thier household is described as being a dump. Nobody really knew how many Ewell children there were, Some people said six, others said nine; there were always several dirty-faced ones at the windows when anyone passed by (Lee, pg.172). The Ewell family is described to be low lives and the poorest family in Maycomb. Parents have the most important task in a childs life by helping them correctly develop their mentality. Not only should they teach them good moral values, but they should also provide them with examples of courageousness, and how to support a family. Every one of these aspects of parenthood are extramly important and can reflect on the entire life of a person. They will most importantly determine the examples and influences that will be passed down from generation to generation. BiblographyTo Kill A Mockingbird by Harper Lee, Warner Books 1960.

What You Can Learn From the FHLC

What You Can Learn From the FHLC The Family History Library Catalog, the gem of the Family History Library, describes over 2 million rolls of microfilm and hundreds of thousands of books and maps. It does not contain the actual records, however, only descriptions of them - but is an important step in the digital genealogy process for learning about what records might be available for your area of interest. The records described in the Family History Library Catalog (FHLC) come from throughout the world. This catalog is also available on CD and microfiche at the Family History Library and at local Family History Centers, but to have it available for searching online is of amazing benefit. You can do much of your research from home at whatever time is convenient and, therefore, maximize your research time at your local Family History Center (FHC). To access the online version of the Family History Library Catalog go to the Familysearch homepage (www.familysearch.org) and select Library Catalog from the Library navigation tab at the top of the page. Here you are presented with the following options: Place Search - Use this option to find catalog entries about a place or for records from a place.Surname Search - Use this option to find catalog entries about records that include a specific surname, such as written family histories.Keyword Search - Use this option to find catalog entries about records that contain a certain word or phrase. You can use this to search for keywords in titles, authors, places, series, and subjects.Title Search - Use this option to find catalog entries about records that contain a certain word or combination of words in the title.Film/Fiche Search - Use a Film/Fiche Search to find the titles of items on a specific microfilm or microfiche in the Family History Library Catalog.Author Search - Use an Author Search to find the Author Details record for a person, church, society, government agency, and so forth identified as an author of a specific reference. The Author Details record lists titles linked to the author and may include notes and references.Cal l Number Search - Use a Call Number Search to find an item by its call number (the number used to locate items on the shelves in the Family History Library or the FamilySearch Center). Lets start with the place search, as this is the one that we find the most useful. The place search screen contains two boxes: PlacePart of (optional) In the first box, type the place you want to find entries for. We  would suggest that you start your search with a very specific place name, such as a city, town or county. The Family History Library contains a huge amount of information and if you search on something broad (such as a country) you will end up with too many results to wade through. The second field is optional. Since many places have the same names, you can limit your search by adding a jurisdiction (a larger geographic area that includes your search location) of the place you want to find. For example, you can add the state name in the second box after entering a county name in the first box. If you do not know the name of the jurisdiction, then just search on the location name itself. The catalog will return a list of all jurisdictions which contain that particular place name and you can then select the one which best meets your expectations. Place Search Tips Keep in mind while searching, that the names of the countries in the FHL catalog are in English, but the names of the states, provinces, regions, cities, towns and other jurisdictions are in the language of the country in which they are located. Place Search will only find the information if it is part of the place-name. For example, if we  searched for North Carolina in the above example, our results list would show places named North Carolina (there is only one - the U.S. State of N.C.), but it would not list places in North Carolina. To see places that are part of North Carolina, select View Related Places. The next screen would display all counties in North Carolina. To see the towns in one of the counties, you would click on the county, then click View Related Places again. The more specific you make your search, the shorter your lists of results will be. If you have trouble finding a specific location, dont just conclude that the catalog does not have records for that place. There are many reasons why you may be having difficulties. Before you give up your search, be sure to try the following strategies: Be sure you typed the place-name correctly.If you qualified your search with another jurisdiction, try the search again without this qualification.Search for records using a larger jurisdiction. For example, if you cannot find records for a town, search for county records. Once you locate the place for which you are looking, you will be presented with a list of places. If you qualified your search with another jurisdiction, the list should be short. If you did not qualify your search, the list may be long. If the list shows the place you want, click on the place-name to see the Place Details record. This records usually contain the following items: View Related Places  - Clicking on this button will give you a list of other places you might be interested in.Notes  - A few historical facts and details about the placeTopics  - A list of topics for which records are available that relate to the place that you are looking for. This list might include such topics as: biographies, cemeteries, census records, church records, guardianship records, history, land and property records, maps, military history, tax records, vital records, voting records, etc. To best explain what is available in the Family History Library Catalog, it is easiest to take you step-by-step through a search. Begin by doing a  place search  for Edgecombe. The only result will be for Edgecombe County, North Carolina - so next select this option. From the list of available topics for Edgecombe County, North Carolina, we are  first going to select Bible Records, as this is the first source which the Catalog Helper suggested for information on our great, great grandmothers maiden name. The next screen which comes up lists the titles and authors available for the topic which we selected. In our case, there is only one Bible Record entry listed. Topic: North Carolina, Edgecombe - Bible recordsTitles:  Bible records of early Edgecombe Williams, Ruth Smith Click on one of your result titles to learn more information. Now you are given the complete catalog entry of the title you selected. [blockquote shadeyes]Title:  Bible records of early EdgecombeStmnt.Resp.:  by Ruth Smith Williams and Margarette Glenn GriffinAuthors:  Williams, Ruth Smith (Main Author) Griffin, Margarette Glenn (Added Author)Notes:  Includes index.Subjects:  North Carolina, Edgecombe - Vital records North Carolina, Edgecombe - Bible recordsFormat:  Books/Monographs (On Fiche)Language:  EnglishPublication:  Salt Lake City: Filmed by the Genealogical Society of Utah, 1992Physical:  5 microfiche reels; 11 x 15 cm. If this title has been microfilmed, the View Film Notes button appears. Click on it to see a description of the microfilm(s) or microfiche and to obtain microfilm or microfiche numbers for ordering the film through your local Family History Center. Most items can be ordered for viewing at your local Family History Center, though a few cannot due to licensing regulations. Before ordering microfilms or microfiche, please check the Notes field for your title. Any restrictions on the use of the item will be mentioned there. [blockquote shadeyes]  Title:  Bible records of early EdgecombeAuthors:  Williams, Ruth Smith (Main Author) Griffin, Margarette Glenn (Added Author)Note:  Bible records of early EdgecombeLocation:  Film FHL US/CAN Fiche 6100369 Congratulations! Youve found it. The FHL US/CAN Fiche number in the lower right-hand corner is the number which you will need to order this film from your local family history center. Place search is probably the most useful search for the FHLC, as the librarys collection is primarily organized by location. There are several other search options open to you, however. Each of these searches has a specific purpose for which it is very useful. The searches do not allow wildcard characters (*), but do allow you to type in only part of a search term (i.e. Cri for Crisp): Surname Search A surname search is primarily used to find published family histories. It will not find surnames listed in individual microfilm records such as census records. A surname search will provide you with a list of titles of catalog entries tied to surnames that match your search and the main author for each title. Some of the published family histories are only available in book form and have not been microfilmed. Books listed in the Family History Library Catalog cannot be sent to Family History Centers. You can request that a book is microfilmed, however (ask a staff member at your FHC for help), but this may take several months if the library has to obtain copyright permission to do so. It may be faster to try to obtain the book elsewhere, such as a public library or from the publisher. Author Search This search is primarily used to find catalog entries by or about a certain person, organization, church, etc. The author search finds records which include the name you typed as the author or the subject, so it is especially useful for finding biographies and autobiographies. If you are looking for a person, type the surname in the Surname or Corporate Name box. Unless you have a very rare surname, we would also type all or part of the first name in the First Name box to help limit your search. If you are looking for an organization, type all or part of the name into the Surname or Corporate box. Film/Fiche Search Use this search to find the titles of items on a specific microfilm or microfiche. It is a very exact search and will only return the titles on the particular microfilm or microfiche number that you input. The results will include an item summary and the author for each item on the microfilm. The Film Notes may contain a more detailed description of what is on the microfilm or microfiche. To view this additional information, select the title and then click on View Film Notes. Film/Fiche search is especially useful for finding the records available on a film/fiche which is listed as a reference in Ancestral File or the IGI. We also use the film/fiche search to look for additional background on any film we plan to order because sometimes the film/fiche search will include references to other relevant microfilm numbers. Call Number Search Use this search if you know the call number of a book or other printed source (maps, periodicals, etc.) and want to learn more about what records it contains. On a book’s label, call numbers are usually printed on two or more lines. To include both lines of the call number in your search, type in the information from the top line, then a space, and then the information from the bottom line. Unlike other searches, this one is case-sensitive, so be sure to type in upper and lower case letters where appropriate. Call number search is probably the least used of all of the searches, but can still be very useful in cases where people list an item and its call number as a reference source without any indication to the information which it contains. The online Family History Library Catalog is a window to the two million plus records (print and microfilm) which the Family History Library maintains in its collection. For those of us around the world who cant easily make it to Salt Lake City, UT, it is absolutely invaluable both as an avenue for research and as a learning tool. Practice using the different searches and play around with different techniques and you may find yourself amazed at the things you find.

Blakes The Songs of Innocence

The innocence Break song appeared in the first 1784 novel Moon Island Black poetry Innocent Innocence Black Poetry appeared. In 1788, black began to collect carefully written innocent songs. By 1789, the original number of plates was completed. These poems are products of the human heart, innocence, imagination and happiness, and natural euphoria of freedom from the outside or contamination. After the end of the innocent song, Blake said Marriage of heaven and hell It is this dilemma of witness, goodness and evil and suffering on London's street, he wrote songs of experience . William Blake (1757 - 1827) poet, writer and mystical. Break wrote innocent songs songs of experience, four zoos and Jerusalem. Black is considered a classic, romantic poet, but his style of poetry and The mysterious experience of the natural growth of romanticism has not had a major impact. Members of Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772 - 1834) British romantic poet and poet of lake. Ancient Mariner Lime, famous po ems of Coleridge including Christabel and Kuubra Khan. Coleridge helped the UK bring German idealistic concepts. (An important aspect of romanticism) William Blake's Lamb and Tiger William Blake's innocent opponent and experience songs include a part of his most famous poems, such as lamb and songs of experience from inexperable songs Tiger. Two verses, designed to reflect pure religion, create contrastive views, is to explore the Tiger good link between good and evil. Black tests the opposition of good and evil using contrast images and symbols. This article aims to show the relationship between innocence and William Blake's song experience. Whether it is a song song or an innocent experience, the mirror of society insists on break, the song of experience is the mirror of the dark side. It is a state of innocence and experience, two aspects of human soul: Break song shows two areas of imagination. These two states are different observation methods. Northrop  · Fry wants to see th e innocence of the world Break is an active man with a mind and body .... It turns out that it is included, he is not a profession, the rest of the minute Changed. Armageddon is a word used to describe William Blake's work whether it is a poem, an art or a story. Very important in my time, I believe his work is stronger and will resonate in today's society. From Blake's most famous Innocent World which is one of the most productive in the history of text, I see the world, one of the poetry of the following poem

Sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sigmund Freud - Essay Example I thought to interview him about this and he responded me as follows: A dream in very early years made drastic changes in his life. He had a dream that he enjoyed an evening with his mother in a nearby park. Though he has often visited the park with mother and father, he found nothing more than just a visit. But later, it has given him greater passion and pleasure to go to park with his mother than what he felt in visit with father. The dream’s effect was more evident when he felt that mother should always accompany him to the school. Mother was that times more than his friends around, and he himself found proud to go to school hanging on mother’s hand. Why couldn’t he find pleasure to go to school with father as he found it with mother? It was, perhaps, a question he asked himself several times. He had no answers, until when he was interviewed and debated of Oedipus Complex. He remembered that he obeyed mother more and he went outside in child hood times along w ith mother more than he did it with father. Some family people around his house called him ‘mother’s boy’ as he couldn’t get away from mother even a single night. He felt it surprising when I told him that all of us, as is the case of our fate, direct our sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred as well as first murderous with against our father (Freud, p. 478).

Public Administration and Civil Service Reform UNDP Cambodia. Case Essay

Public Administration and Civil Service Reform UNDP Cambodia. Case Study - Essay Example Most public managers profess to an attraction to good managerial performance as well as good government performance. However, if their actual conduct is examined, it will become clear that there are two opposing and distinct perspectives on public reform administration reform. Crusading and free-spirited managers are always searching for better methods, promising designs, new ideas, and innovations. They embrace, and believe in novelty. They assess what others are doing elsewhere and identify what they can adapt or copy, and are ready to take risks just to improve performance. They are so eager for change that they often fall victim to the gimmicks and fads that are often witnessed in public management without reason or rhyme. On the other hand, reactionary managers exhibit too much caution and rarely show willingness to attempt anything new. This paper will discuss the factors that hinder or facilitate public administration reform by comparing two programmes of public service reform and looking at the lessons learned from those programmes in terms of the obstacles and opportunities involved in public administration reform. Key words Public administration reform, public management, public service.... to as the National Program for Administrative Reform (NPAR), which would be the foundation upon which the whole public administration reform program would be built. UNDP Cambodia decided to directly support the NPAR, and offered help to the Council of Administrative Reform (CAR) which was aimed at: a) Strengthening the capability of the council’s secretariat in order to improve the effectiveness of national consensus building, strategic planning, donor co-ordination, policy development, and how the NPAR is managed strategically. b) Facilitating the enforcement of priority reform programs and sub-programs, and also the creation of implementation plans. c) Supporting the creation and organization of a Priority Mission Group (PMG) plan so as to improve the efficiency in public service delivery in vital areas of government administration, and also to accelerate reforms. UNDP’s assistance in public administrative reform targets not only decentralized reform enforcement, but also wholesome strategic reform organization. It identified the need to integrate both aspects more fluidly, and also learned some important lessons in the process of supporting Cambodia in its quest to improve public service. Overall, although this project was originally meant to reflect UNDP’s expertise in public administrative reforms, other donors were unwilling to cooperate (Heeks 2002, pg. 25). In addition to this, poor coordination in comparison with other reform areas resulted in weak connections to other activities, disorganized activities, and a loss of focus. Lessons Learned Strategic constituency development is vital to acquire support for and run complex systems modification processes The public administration reform program’s original design failed to recognize the CAR as the

Reconstruction of African Americans Dbq Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction of African Americans Dbq Essay African Americans were given the opportunity to vote. There opinion began to matter. As Alfred H. Ward expresses in his art black men waiting in a line, it means much more than a single file. Displaying the men dressed in different outfits and uniforms waiting to put in their opinion, their vote (Document A). Negroes were now being viewed as another person and another opinion needed. It was even expressed that one shall not be denied a vote for their race (Document C). This is yet again another prime example of the African Americans new progress in a political aspect. Though it may seem a simple and smooth change it wasn’t a golden path through the transformation, some still could not accept the fact that black deserve to have the right to vote. Dramatic words and publication were existent during the late 19-century, even a cartoon was published of an African American man dying, and reason of death being he used his right to vote (document F). Soon the African Americans had their heads soaring high, some people were finally giving them some social respect. Along with the 14th amendment supporting their new freedom things seemed to be changing. Simply re stated â€Å" no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States† just with the first statement, African Americans are entitled to even more rights (Document B). Again, the civil rights act of 1875, this enacted that all persons of the U. S. shall be entitled to full enjoyment of accommodations, advantages, and privileges of inns, public water and entertainment. Also stating that this is applicable to every citizen of every race (Document D). Though yet again things were not always so positive and equal. â€Å"Jim crow laws of the deep south† created many restrictions and much un fair treatment. To the extent of marriages between white and blacks were prohibited in Florida (Document H). In Georgia one could not burry an African American where whites were buried (Document H). Also, in Mississippi, discussion of or defending for social equality would immediately be guilty of a misdemeanor (Document H). Some cases so harsh that blacks who would assert their rights would face unemployment, eviction, and sometimes physical harm. From evidence shown the African Americans had dramatic reconstruction stages in both political views along with social views. They received some respect and rights of being created equal. They also received their right to vote. Though, it didn’t all become easy and perfect they had much progress of reconstruction. Many changes were made. As many lives were transformed.

An Analysis of On Sitting Down To Read King Lear Once Again Essay

An Analysis of On Sitting Down To Read King Lear Once Again The poem "On Sitting Down to Read King Lear Once Again" by John Keats is a sonnet about Keats' relationship with the drama that became his idea of tragic perfection, and how it relates to his own struggle with the issues of short life and premature death. Keats uses the occasion of the rereading this play to explore his seduction by it and its influence on himself and his ways of looking at himself and his situation in spite of his negative capability. From the first few lines Keats alludes to the great romances of the previous ages as opposed to William Shakespeare's great tragedies. While it could be discerned that Keats is referring to his poem Endymion: A Poetic Romance, the underlying meaning of the lines remains. Keats writes "O golden tongued Romance, with serene lute!/ Fair plumed Syren Queen of far-away!/ Leave melodizing on this wintry day,/ Shut up thine olden pages and be mute." (Lines 1 - 4). Keats here is shutting out the idyllic romantic notions he cannot at this time cling to due to the ever present spectre of death that hangs above him. Keats forsakes the romantic here leaning instead toward the tragic, which is what he perceives his short life to be. In these opening lines Keats seems to be a desperate, and morose storyteller who forbids himself the taste of the ideal, regardless of how strong a pull romance has for him. Keats is forced to command the romance to "Shut up thine olden pages and be mute!" (4) in orde r to pull himself away from it. This shows not only the strong attraction romance holds for Keats, but also Keats' recognition of the Romance as a personified thing he can converse with and bid "Adieu!" (5). The use of ... ...ime it is clear that Keats has succeeded in accomplishing the transition of the Phoenix into immortality, as Keats still lives on over one hundred seventy five years after his death in his poetry and our memories ON SITTING DOWN TO READ KING LEAR ONCE AGAIN by John Keats O golden tongued Romance, with serene lute! Fair plumed Syren, Queen of far-away! Leave melodizing on this wintry day, Shut up thine olden pages, and be mute: Adieu! for once again the fierce dispute (5) Betwixt damnation and impassion'd clay Must I burn through; once more humbly assay The bitter-sweet of this Shakespearian fruit. Chief Poet! and ye clouds of Albion, Begetters of our deep eternal theme! (10) When through the old oak Forest I am gone, Let me not wander in a barren dream, But when I am consumed in the fire, Give me new Phoenix wings to fly at my desire.

Maria Teresa Tula Essay

Learn about Maria Teresa Tula, a leader of COMADRES, by accessing http://rfkcenter.org/maria-teresa-tula. Maria Teresa was kidnapped, raped several times, and severely beaten, yet she continued her struggle even when family members rejected her for being raped. However, rejection after being raped triggered her questioning about women’s subordinated position in society and helped her to start seeing the world through gender eyes. Read about her story and then write a paragraph about your personal reaction to Maria Teresa Tula’s decision to join COMADRES and her bravery to continue the struggle after rape and torture. -I was astonished with Maria Teresa Tula’s decision to join COMADRES and her bravery to continue the struggle after rape and torture. With the first attack toward her husband I would have tried to escape but instead she got more involve and was fighting for the rights of everyone. She did not get attack once but about three times and she continued fi ghting for human rights. Leaving her kids behind and just staying with her two youngest must have been the most difficult decision for a woman to do and because of her bravery I admire her. 2. What are they saying in these songs? What does Sting mean when saying â€Å"they dance alone? -â€Å"Bullet The Blue Sky† single from The Joshua Tree album it is about an actual experience that Bono had while visiting El Salvador. There he saw women whose children had been imprisoned or murdered by the military regime there. He was inspired by it and immediately wrote the lyrics for the song. It is a song about protesting against corruption, hypocorism, weapon and people being terrified. – â€Å"They Dance Alone† was written after Sting saw a brief news story about women dancing in the streets of Chile torn apart by the Pinochet regime. The women were dancing in the streets with pictures of their husbands, fathers, brothers or sons pinned to their clothes or they were holding the pictures and danc ing with them. It is a beautiful song saying what the women in Chile were unable to express. It tells a story about a woman a daughter, a wife or a mother how they are left dancing alone because of the killing of their love ones. This songs makes you feel and understand what the people were going through. At the end of the song I love how it states Pinochet: â€Å"Can you think of your own mother dancin’ with her invisible son?† In other words, â€Å"Watch it, mate. You’ll get what’s comin’ to ya!† 3. Why did the government violate human rights? Who collaborated with/supported the government in the fight against â€Å"communism â€Å"? -The  government violates human rights because after the Cuban Revolution, Latin America became an important theater of the Cold War and for the U.S.-backed â€Å"Operation Condor† in South America. Operation Condor was conducted as a campaign of terror involving assassination and intelligence operations by dictato rships of the Southern Cone of South America; it had the tacit approval of the United States. It was a program aimed to eradicate communist or Soviet influence and ideas in Latin America. -What is the Cold War? How is the Cold War related to the events in Central America? – The Cold War was the tense relationship between the United States (and its allies) and the Soviet Union (USSR, and its allies) between the end of World War II and the demise of the Soviet Union; i.e. the years 1945 to 1991. This war was unlike other wars in that the two sides never clashed directly in battle. – The Cold War was related to the events in Central America because it altered Latin America’s relationship to the United States profoundly, as the region became a battleground between two competing ideological systems—capitalism and communism. Prior to the Cold War, both economic and geopolitical concerns had motivated U.S. policy toward Latin America. But, after the lowering of the Iron Curtain in Eastern Europe, George Kennan, the chief architect of American foreign policy towards the Soviet Union, advocated containment to halt the spread of communism, not just in Europe, but globally. The result was a bipolar world featuring proxy wars fought throughout the Third World by surrogates and clients of the two superpowers. Latin American nations, historically considered to be part of â€Å"our backyard,† were not permitted to remain neutral as Washington expected Latin America to ally with the United States while the Soviet Union sought to gain access to what had been an American sphere of influence. – What were the major violations of human rights in El Salvador and Guatemala? How did women react to the kidnapping, torture, murder, and disappearance of their loved ones? – The major violations of human rights was people disappearing , the tortured, the jailed, and the murdered were the so-called subversives, members of communist organizations, armed guerrilla groups, or/and agents of international communism, and whoever was  suspected of these activities. These open violations of human rights were based on ideological grounds and were used to stop the spread of revolutions in the region. Most of the victims were young people who saw the example of Cuba as a solution for poverty and social inequality in Latin America. – The women react were condemned to silence, form fear of losing their own lives or being disappeared. This atmosphere of impunity, silence, and fear was challenged by mothers, grandmothers, wives, aunts, sisters, and nieces of the disappeared. In countries such as Argentina, Chile, El Salvador, and Guatemala, women formed massive movements of civil confrontation to search for the truth about their disappeared relatives. These women were regular housewives; some did not have a formal education, others did not even know how to speak Spanish (the case of Guatemala), and most were oblivious to any ideological militancy. Their trigger to action was their love, a mother love. – Why are these movements labeled as the â€Å"Gendering of Human Rights? -The movements labeled as the â€Å"Gendering of Human Rights† was women engaged in human rights struggles that not only transformed their countries but also their own lives. They challenged their traditional assigned gender roles. Through their actions women became protagonists in the struggle for human rights and democracy in Latin America. In so doing, women appropriated public spaces formerly reserved for men. Their massive presence in plazas, streets, mass media, congress, international forums, and wearing black dresses (COMADRES), white scarves covering their heads, holding colorful quilts (Arpilleras), dressed in traditional Mayan attires, and all holding a photograph of their missing relatives, impregnated the world’s collective memory. Some exaples are, , the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo of Argentina, Las Arpilleras or quilt-makers of Chile, the National Committee of Guatemalan Widows (CONAVIGUA), and the Committee of Mothers and Relatives of Prisoners, the Disappeared and the Politically Assassinated of El Salvador (Monseà ±or Oscar Arnulfo Romero) (COMADRES). – What were the major accomplishments of these women’s organizations? -Some of the major accomplishments of these women’s organization were that women’s actions have brought a different understanding of feminism. By feminism, I refer to ideology that seeks gender equality or equality between women and  men. Women departing from their traditional role of mothers created movements that transformed forever women’s lives and politics in Latin American nations. Without shooting a single bullet and developing peaceful movements of civil disobedience, they helped to overthrow dictatorships and end civil wars. Women gained consciousness and citizenship. Last but not least, women empowered themselves through education and exposure to national and international forums.

Aim and Objectives of a Business

Aims And ObjectiveAims are the goal the business wants to achieve while on the other hand objectives are practical steps to achieve the goal; it is very beneficial to set aims and objectives because it will help the business to be successful whether the goals are good or bad. Failing to set aims objectives will invariably make the business fails or damage it in the long term. In every business sector, Aims and objectives are essential be it private, public and non-for profit organisations. When businesses set aims and objectives, there is a greater degree of a tendency for the business to reach its potential goal or vision. When private sector businesses provide goods and services, they in turn make profit.For example, Aldi as a private limited company delivers value and lower prices for their customers to gain their loyalty and to maximise profits. They able to deliver in this manner due to increase sales and reducing cost of productions. All these processes bring about increase an d expansion of the business. Public Sector organisations are owned and controlled by the government (or local government). They provide quality services to their customers by helping to provide public services to their customers. These services are often free at the point of delivery e.g. the NHS. They provide goods paid for by the consumer.For example, if I pay for a ‘sexually transmitted disease (VD) jab I will benefit directly by being less likely to be in discomfort with the sexually transmitted disease (VD). But others also benefit because they are not going to catch the sexually transmitted disease from me. Another example of Public sector goods are ‘non-rival’ in consumption and ‘non-excludable’ in provision. An example of this is street lighting. If I walk down the street, taking the benefit of the street lights, the light I ‘consume’ leaves no less light for anyone else to consume. Because the good is ‘non-excludableâ€℠¢ a private business would have trouble making money out of it, so they tend not to bother.For this reason these goods are unlikely to be provided at all unless the government provides them out of general taxation which rest on the citizenry to pay. Not-for profit sector they raise funds to support a cause like helping people in need, they make surplus after the expenses of the business then, they reinvest the profits back into the business for expansion. They increase revenue from donations to carry out its various projects like water aid, schools and hospitals that are needed in Africa  countries.The Purpose For Setting Aims And ObjectivesThe purpose or reason for setting aims and objectives is because they are beneficial to the business whether good or bad. It is important to note that the business that does not set aims and objectives is band to fail or damage. As a business you make plans, SMART objectives have to be in place for the business to move forward and for it to rea ch its desire goal. It is also important to write out your mission statement because when you write out your mission, it become the vision that propels the business forward..Setting aims and objectives help the business to make profit for example you want to make 100% every week but without the aims and objectives you will not be able to measure your achievement or progress in your business. Sitting aims objectives will enable you to check if you have reached your set goals and objectives. It will also help you to be realistic and time-bound in your business goals. It also will help you reach your set targets, for example your aim is to make more profit in your business the time-bound will help you to know what you have achieved or if you are behind.The aims that would be appropriate for the sandwich shop are: To make profit as much as possible by maximising the profit and also increase sales. Growth for the business to expand and to have more sandwich branches. The sandwich shop ha s to stay in business until the business improves.ObjectivesThe sandwich shop has to provide a quality service to their customer to win them over to increase sales. The sandwich shop can reduce cost in order to retain and gain more customers. The sandwich shop can improve the quantity of the sandwich in order to stay and compete with other businesses.

Free Social Security Death Index (SSDI) Online Search

Free Social Security Death Index (SSDI) Online Search The Social Security Death Index, commonly referred to as the SSDI, is a database containing the names and dates of birth and death for over 77 million Americans. This massive database is a wonderful resource for genealogists, and is available in many online locations for free search. To learn more about about the Social Security Death Index, and what it can tell you about your ancestors, read How-to Guide to the SSDI. Note about free Social Security Death Index Access: In late 2011, a number of genealogy sites removed or restricted access to the free SSDI database, the public version of the SSA Death Master File. The following sites still provide free SSDI access as of December 2015: FamilySearch- SSDI Search Free online search of the SSDI, a name index to deaths recorded by the Social Security Administration beginning in 1962. Free, unrestricted search. This database was last updated on 28 February 2014, just prior to restrictions enacted in March 2014 which require that newly reported deaths will not be made available in the public version of the Social Security Death Index for three years after the individuals death. As such, new deaths reported after February 2014 will not be available in this database until 2017. Social Security Death Master File, Free Tom Alciere makes available this free version of the Social Security Death Master File, current as of November 2011, and searchable by name or social security number. This copy does not have available the death-residence location or death benefit payout ZIP Code. For additional search features for accessing these files, check out the SSDI search tool at DonsList.net. GenealogyBank- Free SSDI Search Advanced search features make this free version of the SSDI easy to use (with registration). However, it is only current through 2011, stating that due to  compliance with Section 203 (Restriction on Access to the Death Master File) of the Budget Act of 2013, they are no longer able to display SSDI records for individuals who have died within the previous 3 years. More importantly, GenealogyBank  does not  provide social security numbers for any individual in the database, whether or not the death was recent. Searching the Social Security Death Index (SSDI) in One Step Steve Morse has created a very handy search form which enhances the search abilities of many of the free SSDI search engines on the Web. You can choose from a variety of free SSDI databases to search through this flexible search interface. Ancestry.com also offers a searchable version of the SSDI, but it is available only to paying subscribers and not free. It is current through mid-March 2014, but does not include social security numbers for individuals who died within the past 10 years.  Going forward, new records will be available when they are older than 3 years (1095 days), to comply with U.S. law. More on the SSDI Tips for Searching the Social Security Death IndexHow to Request a Copy of a Social Security Application SS-5Social Security Numbering: How to Tell Where a Social Security Number Was Issued

Gender Criticism and Frankenstein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gender Criticism and Frankenstein - Essay Example other words, the work of Mary Shelley, specifically in context to Frankenstein, can be critiqued for being male dominating and critically chauvinist in its character. The protagonist and the antagonist, both the main characters of the novel around which the story revolves, are male characters, which suggest the biased sense of character in the book. The women mentioned in the book solely perform a supportive, yet a subservient role to the picture. Moving past the characters, the themes of the text also portray gender anxieties. The obsession with nine months, for instance, which Victor takes to create the monster, clearly reflects an issue with gender complexities, more of which would further be expanded on in the paper.This implies that Shelley was of the view that though women is the weaker gender, yet her role can`t be ignored in entirety to smoothly run the system. The other supportive roles, comparatively stronger in nature have been naturally attributed to men in the story. Thi s biasness attributed to gender roles can be related in context to Shelley`s personal life, which was dominated by two male figures, her father and her husband. Victor Frankenstein is inspired after having met Walton who takes nine month to explore the North Pole. Owing to his experiments, Victor ends up creating a monster, which is the underlying theme of the novel and creates the angle of fear and anxiety in the text. The two main characters in the novel, Walton and Victor are extremely ambitious and egotistical in nature, preferring a bond with another man instead of a woman. These traits have also been found characteristic to her husband in particular, reflecting the individual impacts of men on her life. More so, a huge contrast is seen when she characterizes the women in the novel representing them as ‘proper’ women in compliance tothe expectations of the mainstream society. In this scenario, it may be concluded that Shelley had a strong impact of the trend during the time

Substainable developement Homework Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Substainable developement Homework - Coursework Example The main stage includes drastically expanding the gainfulness of common assets, extending them as much as 100 times more remote than they do today. In the second stage, organizations receive shut circle generation frameworks that yield no waste or poisonous quality (Lovins and Hawken, 1999). The third stage obliges an essential change of plan of action from one of offering items to one of conveying administrations. The last stage includes reinvesting in regular money to restore, manage, and extend the planets biological community. Since common free enterprise is both important and productive will sub-sume conventional industrialism, the creators contend, pretty much as industrialism sub-sumed agrarianism. A helpful prospective for maintainable business professionals will be between the adjusted qualities approach and the frameworks approach. It would utilize a frameworks approach; however it would concentrate on the framework from within the business point of view and concentrate on the business association with the outside environment. Seeing social obligations, for example, acting with thoughtfulness regarding manageable quality, as an open door as opposed to as harm control or an advertising battle requires for most privately owned businesses to significantly move their reasoning to a brain set, the creators contend, that will get to be progressively essential to focused achievement (Bendell, 2000). The guideline of maintainable quality engaging organizations edified venture toward oneself works best for issues that correspond with an organizations financial investments and when the organization has deliberately evaluated what activities to address. For the economy and society generally speaking, organizations regard for supportability has as of now turn into a wellspring of social advancement, as organizations apply impressive consideration and assets to diminish their natural foot shaped impression, which profits their end result

Usability training for TUI course developers and usability testing of Essay

Usability training for TUI course developers and usability testing of their courses - Essay Example With the emergence of the virtual schools, the demands for on-line teachers are increasing. However, it is not an easy task since lot of in-service training (both short term and long term) and guidelines have to be provided to the faculty so that the education standard meets the requirement of the students and the institutions. The teachers must move from the image of mere knowledge provider to the more consolidated image of knowledge facilitator through their continuous involvement in the students’ activities by providing them the opportunity to expand and express. First of all, the teachers should be trained to create flexibility in their approach and the strength to undertake experiments with extensive writing skill. For the effective development of the course, it is important to design the materials keeping the target audience at the top priority level. While designing the materials, it is to be kept in mind that the contents should be more specific in accordance to the in stitutional curriculum. These products are continuously evaluated so that the necessary modifications can be implemented to improve the quality. The structure of the material encompasses the activities and their classification, easy navigability, selective use of texts and images, simple language and appropriate presentation. The interactivity has to be imposed as it facilitates a feedback from users enabling the testing of usability. After having decided upon the design, the next step involves the collection of resources such as tools, products, technologies and participants in accordance to the planned objectives. On the basis of development procedure, the roles and responsibilities are segregated. The implementation stage encompasses setting up the technology and tools, effective training for the teachers and students and finally the easy navigation of students. Summative evaluation helps to determine

Christmas tree Essay Example for Free

Christmas tree Essay Art is an object or piece of work that brings one pleasure. Art is also something you see or feel and you cannot even begin to describe the ways you like it or how it makes you feel. Art is something that portrays beauty and happiness. Art lets you see the world through another person’s perspective. Most art seems to tell a story about where a person has been and the things they have encountered along the way. It lets you connect with the artist and see things through their eyes. Art is a way of expressing one’s self without words. When I think of art, I think of paintings, portraits, sketches, and sculptures. I know there are many other forms of art, but my favorite form is painting. I normally respond first to the mood of the art and the idea it brings to mind. I like art that makes me feel happy. Second I would say I respond to the colors in the art. I like warm and soothing colors. I prefer scenery in art work. I like paintings of autumn, filled with warm oranges and yellows in the trees, country roads covered with fallen leaves. Those kinds of paintings make me feel warm and happy. One of my favorite autumn scenes is by Robert A Tino, a local artist in Sevierville, TN. It is called Autumn Psalm. It is a small country church setting just off of a country road lined with trees. The trees in the painting are almost bare, and the beautiful autumn leaves are scattered on the ground. This painting gives me a sense of peace and happiness. The content of art is not quite as important to me as the way it makes me feel. I love works of art that portray a place that I have been or know. It is nice to see something you are familiar with from another person’s perspective. For instance, Harrisburg Holiday, another great work of art by Robert A Tino. It is a painting of a covered bridge that I am very familiar with, but he has painted it as he saw it in 1975. It is a beautiful winter scene. He paints the roads covered with snow and an old red Chevy truck hauling a Christmas tree. The scene has two snowmen at the entrance to the covered bridge. It fills your heart with warmth and holiday spirit just to look at it. Portraits to me are art in a different sense. Some of my favorite portraits are by Martin Waugh. It is what he calls Liquid Sculpture. He uses high speed photography to capture drops of liquid as the splash into lakes and other bodies of water. To me there is just something so soothing about his work. It is amazing how a tiny drop of liquid can create such a beautiful work of art. His work impresses me, because I never really thought of liquid as art before I saw one of his photos. The formal qualities of art work are somewhat important. I like paintings that flow smoothly with very fine brush strokes. I think some of the most beautiful art work is produced with a combination of canvas and oil paints. I like portraits that capture images I normally could not see otherwise. Portraits that capture the colors you can see when light reflects on a ripple of water amaze me. I do not know a great deal about art, but art seems to be much more opinion than fact.

Causes of and Needs Related to Intellectual Disability

Causes of and Needs Related to Intellectual Disability Demonstrate knowledge of causes and associated condition related to intellectual disability Candidate’s full name: Hangbun Tang Task 1 Give 2 definitions of intellectual disability in accordance with a recognised source. Follow prescribed APA format when citing sources. Definition 1: Intellectual disability is a disability characterized by significant limitations both in the intellectual functioning (reasoning, learning, problem solving), or adaptive behaviour, which covers a range of everyday social and practical skills. This disability originates before the age of 18. Source: Frequently Asked Questions on Intellectual Disability, American Association on intellectual and developmental disabilities. Definition 2: Intellectual disability is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and in skills such as communicating, taking care of him or herself, and social skills. These limitations will cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. Source: National Dissemination Centre for children with Disabilities. Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impact on the person adaptive skill: Adaptive skills are those daily life skills needed for living, working and playing in the community. It includes communication, social skills, self-care, health and safety, basic reading, numbering, time, money†¦. Furthermore, adaptive skills are assessed in the person’s typical across all aspects of an individual’s life. When a person with an intellectual disability and they don’t know about their disability, it might be hard for them to learn about the realistic, and growing up to be a responsible person. If that person always treated as a child, it will be very hard when he/she grow up. Using a definition of intellectual disability give 2 explanations of how this impact on the person cognitive ability: Cognitive ability is the ability to think and process information. When a person grows up with an intellectual disability, this person will be hardly to receive the information or misunderstood about the instruction. Most of intellectual disability people are having a big issues of problem solving, comparing to a typical people. Task 2 2.1 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur before birth and describe 2 main characteristics of the effects. Example 1: Prader Willi Syndrome (Genetic factor) Source: The American Association on intellectual and developmental disabilities. Main characteristics: If a person grows up with the prader willi syndrome, his/her genitals not a well developed, has almond shaped eyes, and a small down turned mouth. And the skeletal abnormalities and has small hands and feet with the delayed motor skill. Example 2: Foetal alcohol syndrome Source: The American Association on intellectual and developmental disabilities. Main characteristics: The baby will have a low birth weight and has small head and facial abnormalities, comparing to a typical baby. Failure to thrive, developmental delay, has behaviour problems, hyperactivity and poor social skills. 2.2 Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during or immediately following birth and describe 2 main characteristics of the effects. Example 1: Hypoxia Source: FAQ on intellectual disabilities, AAIDD Main characteristics: Babies born with hypoxia condition present at birth with pale or blue tinged skin and slow heart rate. Baby will also find difficulty in breathing, feeding, and has a poor muscle tone (floppy baby). Example 2: Trauma Source: FAQ on intellectual disabilities, AAIDD Main characteristics: The baby will be unresponsive and inability to regulate or maintain the body temperature. The baby will have problem with breathing and tissue damaged (obvious bruising, swelling and/or intracranial bleed). Give 2 examples of causes of intellectual disability that occur during childhood years and describe the impact on the day to day support needs of the person. Outcome 3: Describe conditions frequently associated with intellectual disability. Task 3 Condition 1: Spina Bifida Cause/s: Birth defect of the spinal column occurs 21 to 28 days after conception. Sometime during the first month of the pregnancy, the two sides of the spine (backbone) join together to cover the spinal cord, spinal nerves and meninges (the tissues covering the spinal cord). Spina Bifida refers to any birth defect involving incomplete closure of the spine. Main characteristics 1: partial or complete lack of sensation or paralysis of the legs. Main characteristics 2: fluid buildup inside the skull (hydrocephalus) and dimpling of the sacral area. Description of the support needs of the person with the condition: Physical support needs: Medical and surgical interventions Mobility aids Continence needs Adapting environment Social support: Transport and community access Friendship and activities support Opportunity for education and work Cognitive support needs: Learning support Aids to support learning Condition 2: Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Cause/s: Foetal Alcohol Syndrome is growth, mental and physical problems that may occur in a baby when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. Main characteristics 1: problem with face narrow, small eyes with large epicanthal folds and small head. Main characteristics 2: small upper jaw, smooth groove in upper lip, smooth and thin upper lip. Description of the support needs of the person with the condition: Physical support needs: Medical supervision. Physiotherapy. Assistance with daily living activities. Social support needs: Interaction with friends training. Behavior management training. Support activities Cognitive support needs: Support educational opportunities. Aids to support learning. Assist with communication. Condition 3: Prader Willi Syndrome Cause/s: a gene missing on part of chromosome 15. Normally, your parents each pass down a copy of this chromosome. Main characteristics 1: If a person grows up with the prader willi syndrome, his/her genitals not a well developed, has almond shaped eyes, and a small down turned mouth. Main characteristics 2: The skeletal abnormalities and has small hands and feet with the delayed motor skill. Description of the support needs of the person with the condition: Physical support needs: Specialist weight management. Exercise. Remove food (usually locked away). Medical supervision. Social needs: Consistency about food issues. Activities which are unrelated to food. Provide distractions so life is not centered on food. Cognitive needs: Routine about meal times. Educate about managing own diet. Educational support. Reference List: American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.  http://aaidd.org Bray, Anne. (2003). Definition of Intellectual Disability. Donald Beasley Institute. Intellectual Disability Causes and Prevention  http://www.inclusionireland.ie/sites/default/files/documents/causesandpreventionbooklet.pdf National Dissemination Centre for Children with Disabilities.  http://nichcy.org/disability/specific/intellectual Oliver, Michael. (1997). The Politic of Disablement, critical texts in social work and the welfare state.  London: Greenwich Macmillan.